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Volume 9, Issue 3 (Autumn 2022)                   J Prevent Med 2022, 9(3): 218-229 | Back to browse issues page


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Momayyezi M, Dehghani Tafti A, Keyghobadi N, Fallahzadeh H, Mirzaei M. Prevalence of Prostate Cancer and its Risk Factors: Results of the First Phase of Shahedieh Cohort Study in Yazd Province, Iran. J Prevent Med 2022; 9 (3) :218-229
URL: http://jpm.hums.ac.ir/article-1-616-en.html
1- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4- Department of Health Education, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Introduction
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer after skin cancer and the second deadliest cancer after lung cancer. Global Cancer Statistics 2020 reported that prostate cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world with 3.7% of new cases in 2020. The global burden of prostate cancer is also expected to increase to 2.3 million new cases and 740,000 deaths by 2040 due to population growth and aging. Prostate cancer incidence in Asian countries is much lower than that reported in Western populations, but its prevalence is increasing in Asian countries including Iran. A 27-year study of the prevalence of prostate cancer in Iran showed that its prevalence was 24.8 per 100,000 people in 2017, which had an increase by 11.27 compared to 1990. Older age, black race, and family history are proven risk factors for prostate cancer, and there is evidence that lifestyle is also related to the occurrence of this disease. Considering that there is no study in Yazd province of Iran on the prostate cancer risk factors, the present study aims to investigate the prevalence of prostate cancer and its risk factors in Yazd, Iran.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the data of the first stage of Shahedieh cohort study in Yazd province (Shahedieh, Zarch, and Ashkezar cities) during 2015-2016. The Shahedieh cohort study is a part of the Persian cohort study to investigate the prevalence of non-communicable, occupational diseases and related risk factors in Iran. In this study, all men aged 35-70 years (n=4729) were selected by a census method and underwent evaluation in terms of having a history of prostate cancer and its risk factors. The study variables included demographic information (age, marital status, employment status), lifestyle variables (body mass index, physical activity, nutritional status, alcohol and tobacco consumption, type of edible oil consumed, amount of water consumed, consumption of supplements), and the history of prostate cancer in first-degree and second-degree relatives. Data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive statistics (frequency, Mean±SD).
Results
In the present study, 4729 men aged 35-70 with a Mean±SD age of 49.11±9.7 years participated, of whom 16.6% were over 60 years old. Also, most of them were married (95.6%) and overweight or obese (69.8%); 45.7% of men had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life, and 28.2% were smoking daily, and 54.3% smoked occasionally. From 2015 to 2016, 3 men had reported a history of prostate cancer. The age of cancer diagnosis was >60 years in two patients and >50 years in one patient. Two patients were overweight and one was obese. None of the patients had a history of prostate cancer in first- and second-degree relatives. Furthermore, two patients were exposed to cigarette smoke when they were a child, and one patient had started smoking at the age of 12, but he was not a smoker at the moment. In terms of nutritional status, the findings showed that the average consumption of red meat, eggs and dairy products was lower in patients, while the average consumption of white meat and fruits was higher compared to healthy people. Furthermore, 17.3% of men used solid and semi-solid oils for frying, and more than half of them stated that they used fried foods 1-3 times a week. There were also some patients that did not use edible oils for frying.
Discussion
The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of prostate cancer in men aged 35-70 years in Yazd was low. Among the risk factors of prostate cancer, smoking and overweight or obesity were more common. Therefore, considering the modifiability of these risk factors and taking into account the principle of disease prevention, basic planning should be done by health policymakers and health education officials to increase the awareness of men at risk of prostate cancer. Some other studies also emphasized the effect of smoking and substance abuse as an environmental risk factor for prostate cancer. Data from a review study also suggested an association between smoking and invasive prostate cancer. Although the underlying pathophysiology of this association is unclear, statistics have shown higher mortality and worse outcome after treatment in smokers with prostate cancer.
In the present study, old age was found as a key factor in increasing the risk of prostate cancer. Also, the results showed that the age of cancer diagnosis was >60 years in two patients and >50 years in one patient. None of patients had a family history of prostate cancer. However, if there is a history of prostate cancer in the family, other close relatives are also at risk and should pay more attention to diagnostic care at the age of onset of prostate cancer. The important result in this study was that men with a history of prostate cancer had reduced the consumption of red meat and increased the consumption of white meat and fruits, while this was the opposite in healthy men. This indicates the modification of the diet in patients. Necessary education about the role of nutrition in prostate cancer prevention should be given to men before the disease occurs. According to the results, more than half of men were overweight and obese, two men were overweight and one man was obese. A study showed that a BMI>25 increases the chance of prostate cancer by 5.7 times.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1398.067).

Funding
This project was funded by a research grant from the Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

Authors' contributions
Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing, review and editing: Mahdieh Momayyezi; Conceptualization, methodology, collection of samples, review and editing: Arefeh Dehghani Tafti; Conceptualization, Methodology and Reviewing and Editing: Naeimeh Keyghobadi; Statistical consulting andData analysis, Review and Editing: Hossein Fallahzadeh; Review and Editing: Masoud Mirzaei, Masoumeh Abbasi

Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements
Thanks are owed to the Center of Health Data Modeling for assisting the authors in conducting the study.



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Type of Study: Orginal | Subject: general Hygiene
Received: 2022/04/5 | Accepted: 2022/10/29 | Published: 2022/10/2

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